编写:kesenhoo - 原文:http://developer.android.com/training/displaying-bitmaps/manage-memory.html
这节课将作为缓存Bitmaps课程的进一步延伸。为了优化垃圾回收机制与Bitmap的重用,我们还有一些特定的事情可以做。 同时根据Android的不同版本,推荐的策略会有所差异。DisplayingBitmaps的示例程序会演示如何设计我们的程序,使得它能够在不同的Android平台上高效地运行.
为了给这节课奠定基础,我们首先要知道Android管理Bitmap内存使用的演变进程:
下面会介绍如何在不同的Android版本上优化Bitmap内存使用。
在Android 2.3.3 (API level 10) 以及更低版本上,推荐使用recycle()方法。 如果在应用中显示了大量的Bitmap数据,我们很可能会遇到OutOfMemoryError的错误。 recycle()方法可以使得程序更快的释放内存。
Caution:只有当我们确定这个Bitmap不再需要用到的时候才应该使用recycle()。在执行recycle()方法之后,如果尝试绘制这个Bitmap, 我们将得到
"Canvas: trying to use a recycled bitmap"
的错误提示。
下面的代码片段演示了使用recycle()
的例子。它使用了引用计数的方法(mDisplayRefCount
与 mCacheRefCount
)来追踪一个Bitmap目前是否有被显示或者是在缓存中。并且在下面列举的条件满足时,回收Bitmap:
mDisplayRefCount
与 mCacheRefCount
的引用计数均为 0;null
, 并且它还没有被回收。private int mCacheRefCount = 0;
private int mDisplayRefCount = 0;
...
// Notify the drawable that the displayed state has changed.
// Keep a count to determine when the drawable is no longer displayed.
public void setIsDisplayed(boolean isDisplayed) {
synchronized (this) {
if (isDisplayed) {
mDisplayRefCount++;
mHasBeenDisplayed = true;
} else {
mDisplayRefCount--;
}
}
// Check to see if recycle() can be called.
checkState();
}
// Notify the drawable that the cache state has changed.
// Keep a count to determine when the drawable is no longer being cached.
public void setIsCached(boolean isCached) {
synchronized (this) {
if (isCached) {
mCacheRefCount++;
} else {
mCacheRefCount--;
}
}
// Check to see if recycle() can be called.
checkState();
}
private synchronized void checkState() {
// If the drawable cache and display ref counts = 0, and this drawable
// has been displayed, then recycle.
if (mCacheRefCount <= 0 && mDisplayRefCount <= 0 && mHasBeenDisplayed
&& hasValidBitmap()) {
getBitmap().recycle();
}
}
private synchronized boolean hasValidBitmap() {
Bitmap bitmap = getBitmap();
return bitmap != null && !bitmap.isRecycled();
}
从Android 3.0 (API Level 11)开始,引进了BitmapFactory.Options.inBitmap字段。 如果使用了这个设置字段,decode方法会在加载Bitmap数据的时候去重用已经存在的Bitmap。这意味着Bitmap的内存是被重新利用的,这样可以提升性能,并且减少了内存的分配与回收。然而,使用inBitmap有一些限制,特别是在Android 4.4 (API level 19)之前,只有同等大小的位图才可以被重用。详情请查看inBitmap文档。
下面演示了如何将一个已经存在的Bitmap存放起来以便后续使用。当一个应用运行在Android 3.0或者更高的平台上并且Bitmap从LruCache中移除时,Bitmap的一个软引用会被存放在Hashset中,这样便于之后可能被inBitmap重用:
Set<SoftReference<Bitmap>> mReusableBitmaps;
private LruCache<String, BitmapDrawable> mMemoryCache;
// If you're running on Honeycomb or newer, create a
// synchronized HashSet of references to reusable bitmaps.
if (Utils.hasHoneycomb()) {
mReusableBitmaps =
Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet<SoftReference<Bitmap>>());
}
mMemoryCache = new LruCache<String, BitmapDrawable>(mCacheParams.memCacheSize) {
// Notify the removed entry that is no longer being cached.
@Override
protected void entryRemoved(boolean evicted, String key,
BitmapDrawable oldValue, BitmapDrawable newValue) {
if (RecyclingBitmapDrawable.class.isInstance(oldValue)) {
// The removed entry is a recycling drawable, so notify it
// that it has been removed from the memory cache.
((RecyclingBitmapDrawable) oldValue).setIsCached(false);
} else {
// The removed entry is a standard BitmapDrawable.
if (Utils.hasHoneycomb()) {
// We're running on Honeycomb or later, so add the bitmap
// to a SoftReference set for possible use with inBitmap later.
mReusableBitmaps.add
(new SoftReference<Bitmap>(oldValue.getBitmap()));
}
}
}
....
}
在运行的程序中,decode方法会检查看是否存在可重用的Bitmap。 例如:
public static Bitmap decodeSampledBitmapFromFile(String filename,
int reqWidth, int reqHeight, ImageCache cache) {
final BitmapFactory.Options options = new BitmapFactory.Options();
...
BitmapFactory.decodeFile(filename, options);
...
// If we're running on Honeycomb or newer, try to use inBitmap.
if (Utils.hasHoneycomb()) {
addInBitmapOptions(options, cache);
}
...
return BitmapFactory.decodeFile(filename, options);
}
下面的代码是上述代码片段中,addInBitmapOptions()
方法的具体实现。 它会为inBitmap查找一个已经存在的Bitmap,并将它设置为inBitmap的值。 注意这个方法只有在找到合适且可重用的Bitmap时才会赋值给inBitmap(我们需要在赋值之前进行检查):
private static void addInBitmapOptions(BitmapFactory.Options options,
ImageCache cache) {
// inBitmap only works with mutable bitmaps, so force the decoder to
// return mutable bitmaps.
options.inMutable = true;
if (cache != null) {
// Try to find a bitmap to use for inBitmap.
Bitmap inBitmap = cache.getBitmapFromReusableSet(options);
if (inBitmap != null) {
// If a suitable bitmap has been found, set it as the value of
// inBitmap.
options.inBitmap = inBitmap;
}
}
}
// This method iterates through the reusable bitmaps, looking for one
// to use for inBitmap:
protected Bitmap getBitmapFromReusableSet(BitmapFactory.Options options) {
Bitmap bitmap = null;
if (mReusableBitmaps != null && !mReusableBitmaps.isEmpty()) {
synchronized (mReusableBitmaps) {
final Iterator<SoftReference<Bitmap>> iterator
= mReusableBitmaps.iterator();
Bitmap item;
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
item = iterator.next().get();
if (null != item && item.isMutable()) {
// Check to see it the item can be used for inBitmap.
if (canUseForInBitmap(item, options)) {
bitmap = item;
// Remove from reusable set so it can't be used again.
iterator.remove();
break;
}
} else {
// Remove from the set if the reference has been cleared.
iterator.remove();
}
}
}
}
return bitmap;
}
最后,下面这个方法判断候选Bitmap是否满足inBitmap的大小条件:
static boolean canUseForInBitmap(
Bitmap candidate, BitmapFactory.Options targetOptions) {
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.KITKAT) {
// From Android 4.4 (KitKat) onward we can re-use if the byte size of
// the new bitmap is smaller than the reusable bitmap candidate
// allocation byte count.
int width = targetOptions.outWidth / targetOptions.inSampleSize;
int height = targetOptions.outHeight / targetOptions.inSampleSize;
int byteCount = width * height * getBytesPerPixel(candidate.getConfig());
return byteCount <= candidate.getAllocationByteCount();
}
// On earlier versions, the dimensions must match exactly and the inSampleSize must be 1
return candidate.getWidth() == targetOptions.outWidth
&& candidate.getHeight() == targetOptions.outHeight
&& targetOptions.inSampleSize == 1;
}
/**
* A helper function to return the byte usage per pixel of a bitmap based on its configuration.
*/
static int getBytesPerPixel(Config config) {
if (config == Config.ARGB_8888) {
return 4;
} else if (config == Config.RGB_565) {
return 2;
} else if (config == Config.ARGB_4444) {
return 2;
} else if (config == Config.ALPHA_8) {
return 1;
}
return 1;
}